Category Archives: Biology

How to prepare Hoyer’s medium for Drosophila cuticle preparations

By | January 4, 2022

Importance of cuticle preparations in Drosophila studies: The Drosophila embryonic ventral epidermis has served as a unique tissue for the genetic analysis of patterning. There are two different types of epidermal cells in the ventral epidermis which can be easily distinguished: those that secrete short, thick hair-like structures called denticles and cells that only secrete… Read More »

What is amphibolic pathway?

By | November 9, 2021

Amphibolic pathway can be described as a kind of biochemical pathway which involves both Anabolism and catabolism pathways. The term amphibolic pathway is coined by B. Davis in the year 1961. Catabolism : A biochemical pathway where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. It can be by means of Hydrolysis and Oxidation. Hydrolysis… Read More »

Electron transport system and Oxidative phosphorylation – Cellular respiration ( Part – V)

By | November 1, 2021

By using electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation steps, the cell utilizes energy stored in NADH + H+ and FADH formed during glycolysis and Krebs cycle. The Electron Transport System also called the Electron Transport Chain is a metabolic pathway present in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where electrons available from oxidation of NADH and FADH2… Read More »

Krebs Cycle – Cellular Respiration (Part – IV)

By | October 27, 2021

The fate of pyruvic acid formed at the end of Glycolysis depends on the need of the cell and also on availability of oxygen. Organisms which grow in absence of oxygen – In anaerobic organisms, fermentation takes place after glycolysis. In presence of oxygen, aerobic respiration takes place where pyruvic acid from glycolysis enter Krebs’s… Read More »

Fermentation – Cellular Respiration (Part – III)

By | October 20, 2021

Introduction : Glucose happens to be important and common fuel for many organisms. The process of breaking down of glucose in multistep manner to extract energy present in its C-C bonds (chemical bonds) is called “Cellular Respiration“. Only green plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria have the ability to prepare their own food by the process of… Read More »

Glycolysis – Cellular Respiration (Part II)

By | October 17, 2021

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in a multi step manner is called as Glycolysis. It takes place in cytoplasm of the cell. It is common pathway to both Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration. The Glycolysis pathway is a very ancient pathway present in majority of organisms from every branch of the bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. This… Read More »

Cellular Respiration – Part I

By | October 14, 2021

Earth came into existence some 4.5 billions year ago and based on the fossil evidence from ancient rocks of Greenland, the life on earth dates to 3.7 billion years ago.  The organisms that existed for the first two billions years, after the origin of life, were all anaerobic organisms. These organisms managed to survive and… Read More »

What is Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

By | October 13, 2021

Photosynthesis is a process, where organisms use inorganic molecules such as carbon di oxide and convert it into carbohydrates (food) using sunlight. In this manner organisms capable of performing photosynthesis can generate energy that helps their growth. Different organisms perform Photosynthesis : Green sulfur bacteria, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Algae , Plants etc. Depending on the products… Read More »

Photolysis of water

By | October 12, 2021

Plants and some other organisms like Algae and Cyanobacteria are involved in a process of Photosynthesis, which is a multi step process involving many reactions. In Photosynthesis, inorganic substances such as Carbon di oxide, water are used and convert them to organic molecules ( carbohydrates / food) and release oxygen in presence of sunlight. During… Read More »

Importance of Photosynthesis – Photosynthesis in plants (Part- VIII)

By | October 10, 2021

Photosynthesis is a process where green plants and some other organisms make use of carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight, and then recombine them into glucose. Energy is stored in the bonds of the glucose molecule and can be used by plants by breaking these bonds by means of another process called cellular… Read More »